Colleges

Course Description: Introduction to number systems, including: binary system, hexadecimal system, binary codes such as Gray code and ASCII code, logic gates and logic functions, Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, and representation of negative and fractional numbers in binary systems. Combinational logic circuits, including: standard forms, simplification using Boolean algebra and Karnaugh maps (K-Maps), arithmetic logic units, half adders and full adders, subtractor circuits and multipliers. It also includes multiplexers and demultiplexers, encoders and decoders, and comparators and parity generators. Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) and the Hardware Description Language VHDL, including: PAL, PLA, GAL, CPLD, and FPGA circuits, and VHDL basics. Sequential logic circuits, including: State Machines, representation methods, state transition diagrams and tables. Flip-Flops of all types: S-R, D, J-K, T, and Master-Slave, and controlled and timed flip-flops, and edge-triggered flip-flops. Registers, their types, working mechanism, and applications. Counters, their types, working mechanism, and applications. Introduction to memory devices, including SRAM and DRAM cells, their working mechanism and organization. It also includes Flash Memory, its architecture, and operating mechanism.